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ababoneleli Steel
Ngaba intsimbi engenamanzi ayinamanzi?
Amanzi anamandla endalo, ayakwazi ukunxiba iintaba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngoko kuyindalo ukuzibuza ukuba ingaba intsimbi engatyiwayo, into ethandwayo kumashishini amaninzi, inokumelana namanzi.
Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, makhe siqwalasele ibali leTitanic. Nangona yaziwa ngokuba "ingenakutshona," i-Titanic yadibana nentlekele ngenxa yokungabikho kokuthintela okufanelekileyo kwamanzi. Kodwa ngaba umphumo wawuya kwahluka ukuba kwakusetyenziswe intsimbi engatyiwayo ekwakhiweni kwenqanawa?
Impendulo mhlawumbi ewe ukuba intsimbi stainless ayinamanzi. Yingxubevange yentsimbi enganyangekiyo ekutyeni enokumelana nokuvezwa emanzini kunye nolunye ulwelo ngaphandle kokugqwala okanye ukugqwala. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isinyithi esingenasici sisenokuthi sichaphazeleke ekungcoleni okanye ekutshintsheni kombala kwiindawo ezithile okanye ukuba ibekwe kwimichiza ebukhali ixesha elide.
Makhe sihlolisise iimpawu zensimbi engenasici kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukumelana namanzi.
Isiqulatho
Intsimbi engatyiwayo yintsimbi esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwaziwa ngokuhlala ixesha elide, ukuxhathisa umhlwa kunye nokomelela kwayo. Iimpawu zayo ezizodwa ziyenza ifaneleke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo, kuquka ukwakhiwa, ukuvelisa, kunye nokuthutha. Noko ke, umbuzo omnye odla ngokuvela ngowokuba ingaba intsimbi engatyiwa ayinamanzi ayinamanzi.
Ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwintsimbi engatyiwayo yinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kumashishini ahlukeneyo apho ukuvezwa kokufuma kuxhaphakile. Ikhono lensimbi engenasici ukuxhathisa ukungena kwamanzi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlala kwayo ixesha elide, ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa, kunye nokuthintela umonakalo onokwenzeka okanye ukungaphumeleli kwezixhobo. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwintsimbi engatyiwayo kubalulekile kwiinjineli, abavelisi kunye nabayili.
Insimbi engenasici yi-alloy eyenziwe ngentsimbi, i-carbon, kunye ne-10.5% yechromium ubuncinane. Ukongezwa kwechromium kwandisa ukuxhathisa kwayo ekudlekeni, kuyenza ixhathise umhlwa kunye nebala. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zensimbi engenasici, ezihlelwe ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwazo, i-microstructure, kunye neempawu.
Injongo yale nqaku kukuhlola ukuchasana kwamanzi kwensimbi engenasici kunye neempawu zayo. Siza kuhlolisisa inkcazo yokuchasana kwamanzi kunye nokungena kwamanzi, iipropati zensimbi engenasici, umphumo wokugqitywa kwendawo ekuchaseni amanzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwensimbi engenasici kwiindawo ezimanzi. Ekupheleni kweli nqaku, abafundi baya kuba nokuqonda okungcono ukuba insimbi engenasici ayinamanzi kunye nokufaneleka kwayo ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimanzi.
Ababoneleli bensimbi engenasici badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneleleni ngezixhobo zetsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Kula macandelo alandelayo, siza kuxubusha ukuchaswa kwamanzi kwensimbi engenasici kunye neempawu zayo ngokubanzi.
II. Ukumelana namanzi vs. Ukungangeni manzi
Ukumelana namanzi kubhekiselele ekukwazini kwezinto eziphathekayo ukuchasana nokungena kwamanzi kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa kungekhona ngokupheleleyo. Ukungangeni kwamanzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekisela ekuchaseni okupheleleyo kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekungeneni kwamanzi.
Imizekelo yezinto ezingenamanzi ziquka irabha, iGore-Tex, kunye ne-polyurethane. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimpahla zangaphandle ezifana neebhatyi, iibhutsi, kunye neentente zokugcina umntu onxibayo okanye iziqulatho zomile.
A. Inkcazo yokuxhathisa kwamanzi ensimbi engenasici
Insimbi engenasici ayinamanzi ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ixhathisa kakhulu ekungeneni kwamanzi. Oku kubangelwa ukubunjwa kwayo okukodwa, okubandakanya ubuncinane i-10.5% yechromium. Ichromium kwintsimbi engatyiwayo idibana neoksijini esemoyeni yenze umaleko omncinci, ongabonakaliyo wechromium oxide kumphezulu wesinyithi. Olu luhlu lusebenza njengesithintelo, ukukhusela isinyithi esingaphantsi kwi-corrosion kunye nokungena kwamanzi.
Intsimbi engatyiwayo ingenziwa nangakumbi ukumelana namanzi ngokusebenzisa imicibisholo ethile, efana ne-electropolishing okanye passivation. Ezi zigqibo zidala umaleko okhusela ngakumbi wechromium oxide kumphezulu wesinyithi.
Insimbi engenasici sisixhobo esithandwayo sokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimanzi, njengaselwandle okanye kwizicelo zokulungisa ukutya, ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwamanzi. Abanikezeli bentsimbi yentsimbi badla ngokubhengeza iimveliso zabo njengengangeni manzi okanye ingenamanzi, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo esithile kunye nenqanaba lokhuseleko olufunekayo.
Lilonke, ngelixa insimbi engenasici ingenamanzi ngokupheleleyo, ayinyangeki kakhulu emanzini kwaye inokwenziwa nangakumbi ngokugqitywa komphezulu othile. Ukubunjwa kwayo okukhethekileyo kunye nokukhusela okukhuselweyo kwechromium oxide kwenza kube lukhetho oludumileyo lokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimanzi apho ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kubalulekile.
III. Ukwenziwa Kwentsimbi Engatyiwayo
A. Ukuqulunqwa kwentsimbi engatyiwayo
Intsimbi engatyiwayo yingxubevange eyenziwe ngentsimbi, ikhabhoni, kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nechromium, nickel, kunye nemolybdenum. Ubungakanani bezi zinto kunye nokwakheka okuthe ngqo kumisela iipropathi zensimbi engenasici, kubandakanywa nokuchasana kwamanzi. Amabakala ahlukeneyo ensimbi engenasici aneendlela ezahlukeneyo, okwenza ukuba afaneleke kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Enye yezona zinto ziphawulekayo zensimbi engenasici kukuxhathisa kwayo okuphezulu kwi-corrosion.
Oku kubangelwa kubukho bechromium kwi-alloy, edibana neoksijini ukuze yenze umaleko obhityileyo we-oxide kumphezulu wentsimbi.
Lo maleko weoksidi, okwaziwa ngokuba ngumaleko wokwenziwa, ukhusela intsimbi ekudlekeni ngakumbi kwaye yongeza ukuxhathisa kwayo emanzini.
Ukumelana nomhlwa kwentsimbi engatyiwayo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhathiseni kwayo amanzi. Ekubeni intsimbi engatyiwayo imelana kakhulu nomhlwa, ayinakufane igqwese okanye yonakale xa ibekwe emanzini okanye kolunye ulwelo. Oku kuyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo kwizicelo ezifuna ukuxhathisa kwamanzi aphezulu, njengakwiindawo zaselwandle, iindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi, kunye neendawo zokulungisa ukutya.
Ababoneleli ngentsimbi yentsimbi banikezela ngoluhlu lwamabakala entsimbi engatyiwa ngumhlwa, kuquka iaustenitic, ferritic, kunye nemartensitic grade. La mabanga anamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okumelana ne-corrosion kunye neempawu zomatshini, okwenza ukuba zilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukongeza kwi-corrosion resistance, i-stainless steel inezinye iipropathi ezininzi ezinegalelo ekuchaseni amanzi. Inamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina, okwenza ukuba ixhathise impembelelo kunye nokuguqulwa. Ikwamelana nobushushu kunye nomlilo, iyenza ifaneleke kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu. Ezi zakhiwo zenza insimbi engenasici ibe yinto eguquguqukayo yoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezifuna ukuxhathisa kwamanzi.
Ukuqukumbela, iipropathi zensimbi engenasici, kubandakanywa ukubunjwa kwayo kunye nokumelana nokubola, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhathiseni kwamanzi. Ababoneleli bensimbi engenasici banikezela uluhlu lwamabakala kunye nokugqitywa komhlaba okwandisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi, okwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezimanzi. Ukuqonda iimpawu zensimbi engenasici kubalulekile xa ukhetha izinto zokusetyenziswa ezifuna ukuchasana kwamanzi aphezulu.
IV. Umphumo wokugqitywa komphezulu wokumelana kwamanzi
Intsimbi engacocekanga ifumaneka kwimigangatho eyahlukahlukeneyo yokugqiba, kubandakanywa ukupholishwa, ukubrashwa, i-matte, i-bead-blasted, kunye neepatheni ezigqityiweyo.
Isiphelo ngasinye sinembonakalo eyahlukileyo kunye nokuthungwa kwaye ifanelekile kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukugqitywa komphezulu wensimbi engenasici kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimpawu zayo zokumelana namanzi. Ukugqitywa komphezulu ogudileyo kuya kubonelela ukuchasana kwamanzi okungcono kunomnye onqabileyo, njengoko kunciphisa indawo ephezulu apho amanzi anokuqokelela kwaye adle insimbi engenasici. Umhlwa unokubakho kwimigangatho yentsimbi engatyiwayo enesiphelo esirhabaxa, nto leyo ebangela iintanda kunye nemingxuma enokuqokelela amanzi kwaye ikhokelele kumnye umhlwa. Izinto ezingcolisa umphezulu zinokuchaphazela ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwintsimbi engatyiwayo ngokukhuthaza ukuthotywa.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi ababoneleli bentsimbi estainless abanokusebenzisa ukunyusa ukomelela kwamanzi kwimigangatho yentsimbi engenasici. I-Electropolishing yinkqubo egudileyo kwaye ihlambulule umphezulu wensimbi engenasici, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokugrumba imigodi kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwamanzi. I-Passivation enye inkqubo eyenza uluhlu olukhuselayo phezu komgangatho wensimbi engenasici, ukuthintela ukubola kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwamanzi. Unyango lwemichiza lukwakhona olunokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwimigangatho yentsimbi engenasici ngokususa izinto ezingcolisa umphezulu kunye nokukhuthaza ukuxhathisa ukubola.
Ukuqukumbela, ukugqitywa komphezulu wensimbi engenasici kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimpawu zayo zokumelana namanzi. Ababoneleli ngentsimbi engenastainless kufuneka baqwalasele ngononophelo ukugqitywa komphezulu weemveliso zabo ukuqinisekisa ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Electropolishing, passivation, kunye nonyango lwekhemikhali ziindlela ezisebenzayo zokomeleza ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwimigangatho yentsimbi engenasici.
V. Ukusetyenziswa kweNtsimbi engatyiwayo kwiNdawo eManzi
A. Imizekelo yamaShishini aSebenzisa iStainless Steel kwindawo emanzi
- Ishishini lokutya neziselo:
Insimbi engenasici isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lokutya nesiselo, ngakumbi ekusetyenzweni nasekupakishweni kokutya neziselo. Ikhethwa ngenxa yokumelana nokubola, ukuqina, kunye nokulula kokucoca. - Ishishini leMichiza:
Imboni yeekhemikhali isebenzisa insimbi engenasici ngenxa yokuchasana nokubola kweekhemikhali kunye neendawo eziphezulu zokushisa. Isetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokulungisa iikhemikhali, ii-reactors, iitanki zokugcina, kunye nemibhobho. - Ushishino lwaseLwandle:
Insimbi engenasici isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwishishini lolwandle ngenxa yokuchasana nokubola kwamanzi olwandle. Isetyenziselwa amacandelo afana ne-propellers, shafts, kunye ne-fasteners.
B. Usetyenziso oluKhethekileyo lweNtsimbi eNgena-Stainless kwiindawo eziManzi
- Izixhobo zokucoca amanzi:
Insimbi engenasici isetyenziswa kwizityalo zokunyanga amanzi ngenxa yokuchasa ukubola kwikloridi kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezifumaneka emanzini. Isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezifana nemibhobho, iivalve, kunye namatanki. - Amadama okuqubha:
Intsimbi engatyiwayo isoloko isetyenziswa kumadama okuqubha kuba iyakwazi ukumelana nokubola kweklorini kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukucoca amanzi. Isetyenziselwa iileli zasepool, ii-handrails, kunye neebhodi zokuntywila. - Izixhobo zonyango:
Insimbi engenasici isetyenziselwa izixhobo zonyango, ngokukodwa kwiindawo apho ucoceko kunye nococeko lubaluleke kakhulu, njengamagumbi okusebenza kunye neebhubhoratri. Isetyenziselwa izixhobo ezifana nezixhobo zotyando, iikhabhathi zokugcina, kunye neesinki.
C. Ukubaluleka kokumelana naManzi kwezi zicelo
Ukuzinza:
Ukumelana namanzi kwentsimbi engenastainless kubalulekile kwizicelo apho ukuqina kubalulekile. Kwiindawo ezimanzi, amanzi anokukhawulezisa inkqubo ye-corrosion kwaye anciphise ixesha lokuphila kwezinto. Ukuxhathisa kwensimbi engenasici emanzini kuqinisekisa ukuqina kwayo kwezi ndawo.ukhuseleko:
Kwizicelo ezinje ngamadama okuqubha kunye nemekobume yaselwandle, ukhuseleko lubalulekile. Ukuchasana kwensimbi engenasici kwi-corrosion kuqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo akayi kuphumelela okanye abe buthathaka ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukunciphisa umngcipheko weengozi kunye nokulimala.ucoceko:
Kwizicelo ezifana nokulungiswa kokutya kunye nezixhobo zonyango, ukugcina umgangatho ophezulu wococeko kubalulekile. Umphezulu ogudileyo wentsimbi engatyiwayo kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola kwenza kube lula ukuyicoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, inciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo.
Baninzi ababoneleli ngentsimbi engenastainless kwihlabathi jikelele ababonelela ngoluhlu lweemveliso kunye neenkonzo, kubandakanywa ukwenziwa okwenziwe ngokwesiko kunye nokugqiba. Xa ukhetha umthengisi, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela izinto ezifana namava omthengisi, igama, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula umgangatho. Ukusebenza kunye nomthengisi ohloniphekileyo kunokuncedisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba insimbi engenasici esetyenziswe kwiindawo ezimanzi ihlangabezana nemigangatho efunekayo yokuqina, ucoceko kunye nokhuseleko.
Ngelixa intsimbi engenastainless ikwazi ukumelana namanzi kakhulu, ayikhuseli manzi ngokupheleleyo. Ubumanzi busenokungena kumphezulu kwaye bubangele umonakalo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukomeleza ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwintsimbi engenasici, kungafakwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokugqitywa komhlaba, ezinje nge-electropolishing okanye passivation. Iingubo, ezinje ngePVD zokwambathisa, zinokusetyenziselwa ukomeleza ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwintsimbi engenasici.
Ukusebenza kunye nomthengisi onolwazi kunokuncedisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukugqiba umgangatho ofanelekileyo okanye ukugubungela kusetyenziselwa ukunyusa ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi ensimbi engenasici kwizicelo ezithile.
Ngokubanzi, ukuxhathisa kwamanzi ensimbi engenasici kubalulekile kwizicelo ezininzi, ngakumbi ezo zikwindawo ezimanzi. Ukusebenza kunye nomthengisi ohloniphekileyo kunye nokuqonda ukugqitywa kwendawo efanelekileyo kunye neengubo kunokuqinisekisa ukuba insimbi engenasici ihlangabezana nemigangatho efunekayo yokuqina, ucoceko kunye nokhuseleko kule ndawo.
VI. Ukuqukumbela
Insimbi engagqwali yimathiriyeli eguquguqukayo enokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokumelana namanzi. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuchasana kwamanzi kunye nokungangeni kwamanzi, njengoko la magama aneentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunye neempembelelo zokufaneleka kwezinto kwiindawo ezimanzi. Iimpawu zentsimbi engatyiwayo ezinegalelo ekuxhathiseni amanzi ziquka ukubunjwa kwayo, okubandakanya ichromium kunye nenikeli, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukwenza umaleko owenziweyo weoksidi kumphezulu okhusela ngakumbi kumhlwa. Ukugqitywa komphezulu wentsimbi engatyiwayo kukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhathiseni amanzi, kunye nokugqitywa okuthile kusebenza ngakumbi kunezinye.
Ithisisi yeli phepha yeyokuba intsimbi engatyiwa sisixhobo esifanelekileyo sokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimanzi ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwayo kwamanzi kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ngokuqonda iipropati zensimbi engenasici, imiphumo yokuphela komhlaba ekuchaseni amanzi, kunye nezicelo ezahlukeneyo zensimbi engenasici kwiindawo ezimanzi, abaqulunqi kunye nabavelisi banokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokusebenzisa le nto kwiimveliso zabo.
Njengoko imfuno yeemveliso ezinokumelana nokuba sesichengeni samanzi kunye nezinye izinto ezonakalisayo iqhubeka ikhula, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi engatyiwayo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuxhaphake ngakumbi. Ababoneleli ngentsimbi engenastainless banendima ebalulekileyo ekufuneka bayidlalile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izinto abazinikezelayo zikumgangatho ophezulu kwaye ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zabathengi babo. Abaqulunqi kunye nabavelisi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufuneka baqwalasele usetyenziso olucetywayo lweemveliso zabo kwaye bakhethe ibakala elifanelekileyo lensimbi engenasici, ukugqiba umgangatho, kunye nezinye iimpawu zokuqinisekisa ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kunye nokuqina.
Ngokubanzi, insimbi engenasici sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimanzi, inika indibaniselwano ekhethekileyo yokumelana namanzi, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye namandla. Ngokusebenzisa iipropathi zensimbi engenasici kunye nokuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwayo, abavelisi banokudala iimveliso ezenzelwe ukuhlala kwiimeko ezinzima.
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